list of operating systems

APPLE SOS


SOS /sɔːs/, which stands for the Sophisticated Operating System, was the computer operating system released in 1980 that was used by the ill-fated Apple III computer. Despite the failure of the Apple III, SOS was a very forward-thinking operating system in many ways and its features influenced the design of ProDOS that was later released for the Apple //e and later Apple II computers. The SOS file system also heavily influenced the design of the Macintosh Hierarchical File System.
The main interaction with SOS was through the Apple /// System Utilities program. The System Utilities program had three main sections: the Device handling commands section, the File handling commands section, and the System Configuration Program (SCP). The additional benefit of SOS over older Apple DOS versions was the ability to use device drivers to support devices such as hard disk drives and RAM drives in addition to 5.25-inch floppy disk drives.
In spite of SOS's advantages, it wasn't natively backward compatible with DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3, which most Apple II software used at the time. Many average computer users also weren't ready in 1980 for an operating system with the capabilities and flexible configuration options that SOS offered, especially with the Apple III's bad reputation due to poor engineering and its high retail price near $4,000 (£2,420). The IBM PC, released in 1981 at a lower price than the Apple III, sealed the fate of both the computer and its SOS operating system.SOS /sɔːs/, which stands for the Sophisticated Operating System, was the computer operating system released in 1980 that was used by the ill-fated Apple III computer. Despite the failure of the Apple III, SOS was a very forward-thinking operating system in many ways and its features influenced the design of ProDOS that was later released for the Apple //e and later Apple II computers. The SOS file system also heavily influenced the design of the Macintosh Hierarchical File System.
The main interaction with SOS was through the Apple /// System Utilities program. The System Utilities program had three main sections: the Device handling commands section, the File handling commands section, and the System Configuration Program (SCP). The additional benefit of SOS over older Apple DOS versions was the ability to use device drivers to support devices such as hard disk drives and RAM drives in addition to 5.25-inch floppy disk drives.
In spite of SOS's advantages, it wasn't natively backward compatible with DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3, which most Apple II software used at the time. Many average computer users also weren't ready in 1980 for an operating system with the capabilities and flexible configuration options that SOS offered, especially with the Apple III's bad reputation due to poor engineering and its high retail price near $4,000 (£2,420). The IBM PC, released in 1981 at a lower price than the Apple III, sealed the fate of both the computer and its SOS operating system.

list of operating system

List of windows

Windows Vista
(IPA: /ˈvɪs.tə/) is a line of graphical operating systems used on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, Tablet PCs, and media centers. Prior to its announcement on July 22, 2005, Windows Vista was known by its codename "Longhorn".[1] Development was completed on November 8, 2006; over the following three months it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers, and retail channels. On January 30, 2007, it was released worldwide to the general public,[2] and was made available for purchase and downloading from Microsoft's web site.[3] The release of Windows Vista comes more than five years after the introduction of its predecessor, Windows XP, making it the longest time span between two releases of Microsoft Windows.
Windows Vista contains hundreds of new and reworked features; some of the most significant include an updated graphical user interface and visual style dubbed Windows Aero, improved searching features, new multimedia creation tools such as Windows DVD Maker, and completely redesigned networking, audio, print, and display sub-systems. Vista also aims to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network using peer-to-peer technology, making it easier to share files and digital media between computers and devices. For developers, Vista includes version 3.0 of the .NET Framework, which aims to make it significantly easier for developers to write applications than with the traditional Windows API.
Microsoft's primary stated objective with Windows Vista, however, has been to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system.[4] One common criticism of Windows XP and its predecessors has been their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses and buffer overflows. In light of this, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates announced in early 2002 a company-wide "Trustworthy Computing initiative" which aims to incorporate security work into every aspect of software development at the company. Microsoft stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion.[5]
Windows Vista is the target of a number of negative assessments by various groups. Criticisms of Windows Vista include protracted development time, more restrictive licensing terms, the inclusion of a number of new Digital Rights Management technologies aimed at restricting the copying of protected digital media, lack of device drivers for some hardware, and the usability of other new features such as User Account Control.

Windows Server 2003
is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the successor to Windows 2000 Server, it is considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.
According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than its predecessor, Windows 2000.[1]Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft.
Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the successor to Windows 2000 Server, it is considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.
According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than its predecessor, Windows 2000.[1]
Windows XP Embedded, or XPe,
is the componentized version of Microsoft Windows XP Professional and the successor to Windows NT 4.0 Embedded. XPe is based on the same binaries as XP Professional, but XPe is marketed towards developers for OEMs, ISVs and IHVs that want the full Win32 API support of Windows but without the overhead of Professional. It runs existing Windows applications and device drivers off-the-shelf on devices with at least 32MB Compact Flash, 32MB RAM and a P-200 microprocessor. XPe was released on November 28, 2001. As of February 2007, the newest release is Windows XP Embedded SP2 Feature Pack 2007.
XPe is not related to Windows CE. They target different devices and they each have their pros and cons which make them attractive to different OEMs for different types of devices. For instance, XPe will never get down to the small footprint that CE works in. However, CE does not have the Win32 APIs XPe has (although CE has an API that is similar to the Win32 API), nor can it run the tens of thousands of drivers and applications that already exist.Windows XP Embedded, or XPe, is the componentized version of Microsoft Windows XP Professional and the successor to Windows NT 4.0 Embedded. XPe is based on the same binaries as XP Professional, but XPe is marketed towards developers for OEMs, ISVs and IHVs that want the full Win32 API support of Windows but without the overhead of Professional. It runs existing Windows applications and device drivers off-the-shelf on devices with at least 32MB Compact Flash, 32MB RAM and a P-200 microprocessor. XPe was released on November 28, 2001. As of February 2007, the newest release is Windows XP Embedded SP2 Feature Pack 2007.
XPe is not related to Windows CE. They target different devices and they each have their pros and cons which make them attractive to different OEMs for different types of devices. For instance, XPe will never get down to the small footprint that CE works in. However, CE does not have the Win32 APIs XPe has (although CE has an API that is similar to the Win32 API), nor can it run the tens of thousands of drivers and applications that already exist.

Windows XP

is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience.[2] It was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort during its development. Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was first released on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst.[3] It is succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007.
The most common editions of the operating system are Windows XP Home Edition, which is targeted at home users, and Windows XP Professional, which has additional features such as support for Windows Server domains and two physical processors, and is targeted at power users and business clients. Windows XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition is designed to run the ink-aware Tablet PC platform. Two separate 64-bit versions of Windows XP were also released, Windows XP 64-bit Edition for IA-64 (Itanium) processors and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for x86-64.
Windows XP is known for its improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows. It presents a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. New software management capabilities were introduced to avoid the "DLL hell" that plagued older consumer-oriented 9x versions of Windows. It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat software piracy, a restriction that did not sit well with some users and privacy advocates. Windows XP has also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface.
Windows XP had been in development since early 1999, when Microsoft started working on Windows Neptune, an operating system intended to be the "Home Edition" equivalent to Windows 2000 Professional. It was eventually merged into the Whistler project, which later became Windows XP.Windows XP is a line of operating systems developed by Microsoft for use on general-purpose computer systems, including home and business desktops, notebook computers, and media centers. The letters "XP" stand for eXPerience.[2] It was codenamed "Whistler", after Whistler, British Columbia, as many Microsoft employees skied at the Whistler-Blackcomb ski resort during its development. Windows XP is the successor to both Windows 2000 Professional and Windows Me, and is the first consumer-oriented operating system produced by Microsoft to be built on the Windows NT kernel and architecture. Windows XP was first released on October 25, 2001, and over 400 million copies were in use in January 2006, according to an estimate in that month by an IDC analyst.[3] It is succeeded by Windows Vista, which was released to volume license customers on November 8, 2006, and worldwide to the general public on January 30, 2007.
The most common editions of the operating system are Windows XP Home Edition, which is targeted at home users, and Windows XP Professional, which has additional features such as support for Windows Server domains and two physical processors, and is targeted at power users and business clients. Windows XP Media Center Edition has additional multimedia features enhancing the ability to record and watch TV shows, view DVD movies, and listen to music. Windows XP Tablet PC Edition is designed to run the ink-aware Tablet PC platform. Two separate 64-bit versions of Windows XP were also released, Windows XP 64-bit Edition for IA-64 (Itanium) processors and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for x86-64.
Windows XP is known for its improved stability and efficiency over the 9x versions of Microsoft Windows. It presents a significantly redesigned graphical user interface, a change Microsoft promoted as more user-friendly than previous versions of Windows. New software management capabilities were introduced to avoid the "DLL hell" that plagued older consumer-oriented 9x versions of Windows. It is also the first version of Windows to use product activation to combat software piracy, a restriction that did not sit well with some users and privacy advocates. Windows XP has also been criticized by some users for security vulnerabilities, tight integration of applications such as Internet Explorer and Windows Media Player, and for aspects of its default user interface.
Windows XP had been in development since early 1999, when Microsoft started working on Windows Neptune, an operating system intended to be the "Home Edition" equivalent to Windows 2000 Professional. It was eventually merged into the Whistler project, which later became Windows XP.
Windows Home Server

is a home server operating system from Microsoft. Announced on January 7, 2007 at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates, Windows Home Server is intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, and remote access.[1][2] It is based on Windows Server 2003 SP2.[3]
Windows Home Server was released to manufacturing on July 16, 2007.

Windows Server 2008

is the next server operating system from Microsoft. It is the successor to Windows Server 2003. Windows Server 2008 introduces most of the new features from Windows Vista to Windows Server. This is a similar relationship to that between Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP.
It was known as Windows Server Codename "Longhorn" until May 16, 2007, when Bill Gates announced its official title during his keynote address at WinHEC.[1]
Beta 1 was released on July 27, 2005. Beta 2 was announced and released on May 23, 2006 at WinHEC 2006, Beta 3 was released publicly on April 25, 2007[2] and Release Candidate 0 was released to the general public on September 24, 2007[3]. Windows Server 2008 will be released to manufacturing in the first quarter of 2008 with the official launch taking place on February 27, 2008.[4]

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs

("WinFLP") is an operating system from Microsoft, based on Windows XP, but optimized for older, less powerful hardware. It was released on July 8, 2006.Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ("WinFLP") is an operating system from Microsoft, based on Windows XP, but optimized for older, less powerful hardware. It was released on July 8, 2006.

latest slots

Gambling is about entertainment and firing the imagination. That's why the people who make slot machines and table games are always coming up with new ways to stimulate our interest. They've been pretty successful in the past with the likes of Wheel of Fortune, Double Diamonds, Three Card Poker, and Bejeweled. But they aren't resting on their laurels. New slots and table games variations are being introduced a fast clip. Keep up with the latest games here at ReadyBetGo.

latest mother board

The main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset.
On most PCs, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may also be able to upgrade to a faster PC by replacing the CPU chip. To add additional core features, you may need to replace the motherboard entirely.

Motherboard is sometimes abbreviated as mobo.

latest cpu

Abbreviation of central processing unit, and pronounced as separate letters. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the processor or central processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor.
Two typical components of a CPU are:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

Infineon unveil latest memory developments
Infineon Technologies has announced a number of successes from its memory development division that will see four high capacity, second generation additions to the company’s memory product stable.
Firstly, the company has released engineering samples of a 1 GB (gigabyte) DDR SO-DIMM intended for high-end notebook and laptop PCs. The module uses eight 1-Gb (gigabit) components that are built using dual 512-Mb (megabit) dies in a single package. Infineon claim the packaging enables the early adoption of 1-Gb DDR-I components compliant with the JEDEC PC2100 standard form factor. It uses a 200 pin connector, operates at 2.5 V and is organized in two 128-Mb by 64 banks.
The 512-Mb density extends to Infineon’s Mobile-RAM family, which also includes 128-Mb and 256-Mb components. With footprint and stand-by power consumption that are both 50 percent lower than conventional DRAM, Mobile-RAM is ideally suited for use as main memory in handheld electronics devices, such as PDAs, smart phones and digital cameras. Mobile-RAM operates at 2.5 V, rather than the 3.3 V of conventional SDRAM, and features reduced power consumption due to several integrated power management techniques.
Infineon has also begun qualification of 512-Mb DDR2 (second-generation Double-Data-Rate) SDRAM. Targeted for use in high-end servers, workstations and notebooks, DDR2 memory will initially offer data rates per pin of 400-Mbps (megabits per second), 533-Mbps and 667-Mbps. Modules designed using the 533-Mbps data rate, for example, would have a bandwidth of 4.3-GB/s (gigabytes per second). The JEDEC compliant, 512-Mb DDR2 chips, manufactured using Infineon’s 110 nm DRAM process technology, are configured as quad-bank DRAMs, and will be available in four-way, eight-way and 16-way organizations. Additional features of the new components include a pre-fetch size of 4-bits, differential strobe and variable data-output impedance adjustment.
And finally, with production volume of 256-Mb Reduced Latency DRAM (RLDRAM) now available, Infineon has claimed designers of networking equipment that support data rates of 10 to 40-Gbps can optimise systems for data packet buffering, IP address look-up and fast cache applications. RLDRAM allows what the company calls “ultra fast random access”, with row cycle times in the order of 25 ns, making it a potential reduced cost replacement for SRAM components.
Infineon expect the new devices to appear in end-user systems by 2004.

latest processor

A processor is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
The term processor has generally replaced the term central processing unit (CPU). The processor in a personal computer or embedded in small devices is often called a microprocessor.